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IG_66: Title Page Die Baukunst des Islam, 1896
(IG_Franz_1896_IG_66)

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Title

Die Baukunst des Islam

Type of Object
Artist / Producer
Franz, Julius · Author
Dating
1887 / 1896
Dimensions
27 x 20 cm

Iconography

Description

Julius Franz’s publication appeared as part of the 143-volume Handbuch der Architektur, published between 1880 and 1943. Die Baukunst des Islam belongs to the second part, the treatise on architectural styles. In 1896, a second, augmented edition appeared. Both editions were published in Darmstadt by Arnold Bergsträsser.
Julius Franz mentions the stucco and glass windows in Jerusalem and in Egypt and reproduces sections of the windows and a colour plate. In the second edition he gives a detailed description of the technique used to make the windows and comments on their development.

Technique / State

Technique

Book printing

History

Research

Julius Franz’s Die Baukunst des Islam, published as part of the 143-volume Handbuch der Architektur, is, as Pflugradt-Abdel Aziz has shown (2013, p. 16), a pioneering work on account of its historical and scientific approach. The German architect and co-founder of the Museum of Islamic Art in Cairo describes stucco and glass windows in his chapter about building materials and construction technology. He states that such windows still can be found in many houses and mosques, but that the art of making them has been lost (Franz, 1887, p. 31).

In particular, Franz mentions the stucco and glass windows in Jerusalem and he refers to Melchior de Vogüé’s publication Le Temple de Jerusalem (1864; see IG_70, IG_71, IG_72, IG_73) as well as to Albert Socin’s Handbuch für Reisende. Palästina und Syrien (Karl Baedeker, Leipzig 1875). The technique of the windows is illustrated with a vertical and a horizontal section through a window (IG_67) emphasizing the typical angled carving of the stucco panels, which were also described by other authors (Franz, 1887, pp. 31–32). A colour plate gives the front view of a stucco and glass window (IG_68).

In the second edition of Die Baukunst des Islam, Franz gives a full description of the technique and comments on the history and development of the windows. He sees the model for later stucco grilles inlaid with glass in the openwork stone window grilles of the Mosque of Ibn Ṭūlūn (265 AH / 878–79 AD). He also observes that the strictly geometrical forms of the older stucco and glass windows were later abandoned and certain forms of plant ornament, such as cypresses or carnations in vases, as well as ‘phantastische’ buildings and inscriptions were depicted. As examples of older stucco and glass windows, he cites those in the Mausoleum of Baybars al-Jashankir in Cairo, which he dates to the 13th century AD. He notes that at that time, when the tracery openings were still larger, the angled carving of the plaster grille was yet unknown.
With regard to the technique, he describes and illustrates (IG_164, fig. 79) how the pieces of coloured glass were attached by means of ‘Gypswürstchen’ (strips of plaster) on the reverse of the plate (Franz, 1896, pp. 67–68). This method was also described by Max Herz (1895, p. 8; see IG_160) as the older of two techniques for producing stucco and glass windows. Furthermore, a photograph newly added for the second edition shows a stucco glass window with a pattern of curlicues and flowers. The same window appears on one of Beniamino Facchinelli’s photographs (IG_205) of the collection of the Museum of Islamic Art in Cairo, which was still located in the Al-Hakim Mosque at the time. A window with identical design is preserved in The Metropolitan Museum in New York since 1893 (IG_169).

Dating
1887 / 1896
Period
1887 – 1896
Place of Manufacture

Bibliography and Sources

Literature

Flood, F. B. (1993). Palaces of crystal, sanctuaries of light: windows, jewels and glass in medieval islamic architecture [PhD thesis, University of Edinburg]. Edinburgh College of Art thesis and dissertation collection. Retrieved from https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/19754.

Franz, J. (1887). Die Baukunst des Islam. Handbuch der Architektur II, 3, 2 (2nd ed. 1896). Darmstadt: Arnold Bergsträsser.

Herz, M. (1895). Catalogue sommaire des monuments exposés dans le Musée national de l'art arabe. Cairo: G. Lekegian & Cie.

Exhibitions

18.5.2024–1.9.2024: Luminosité de l’Orient, Vitromusée Romont

Image Information

Name of Image
IG_Franz_1896_IG_66

Inventory

Reference Number
IG_66
Author and Date of Entry
Sarah Keller 2024

Linked Objects and Images

Linked Objects
Fenster und Zubehör