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US_16: Banquet Scene of a Guild of Bakers or Millers
(USA_LosAngeles_LACMA_US_16)

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Title

Banquet Scene of a Guild of Bakers or Millers

Type of Object
Dimensions
38.7 x 37.4 cm (15 ¼ x 14 ¾ in.)
Artist / Producer
Dating
1618
Location
Inventory Number
45.21.28
Research Project
Author and Date of Entry
Virginia C. Raguin 2024

Iconography

Description

A group of men gather at a round table in a tavern; twelve are still visible in the truncated panel. They wear black doublets with white ruffled collars. All have tall drinking vessels depicted in yellow, like the plates on the table. They also sit on yellow stools. The viewer’s attention is drawn to the standing guild master and figure beside him, who removes his hat to pay his respects. Although the panel has been trimmed, we can still observe servers at the sides bringing meat and drink. A man playing the fife and another playing the drum stand in the right foreground. The men at table are engaged in animated conversation; they turn to each other, raise their cups, or salute the musicians. The room is glazed with bulls' eye windows and the wooden ceiling is carved with sculpted cross-beams that are painted green. Below the scene, is a row of inscriptions and below that coats of arms bringing additional color to the panel.

Iconclass Code
41C5 · celebration meal, feast, banquet
47E2 · corporative organization, guild
Iconclass Keywords
Heraldry

Since the panel has been cut down and the inscriptions do not align precisely with the arms, identification of the individuals is problematic.
1. Or two arrows per saltire proper surmounted by in chief a demi-mill wheel sable in base a hunting horn of the same
2. Azure a pretzel or
3. Purpure in chief a carpenters’ square or and in base a mill wheel sable
4. Gules in chief two stars or six points or in base a pretzel of the same
5. Argent a brewers’ malt scoop and brewers’ stirring paddle in saltire or a pretzel overall
6. Azure in chief a daisy or in base a pretzel of the same
7. Vert a mill wheel sable

Inscription

1. [ . . . ]s/ [ . . . m]
2. Jerg Holl/ postmaister
3. Bartlome/ MolenBreÿ
4. Jacob/ Munding
5. Jerg/ Sorger
6. Hanns eng/ ellhartt bier/Brüwer
7. Hann [ . ] Molen Breÿ
8. Casper heng/ gell/ Burger Zu / Riedlen
9. Mathe [ . . . ]/ Stech[ . . . ]
1618 (in scene lower right)

Signature

none

Materials, Technique and State of Preservation

Technique

The panel is composed of pot metal and uncolored glass with silver stain and sanguine. A single shade of dark vitreous paint dominates in the interior. On the exterior, however, washes of backpaint appear in two dominant shades: a cool neutral paint is used in solid washes to strengthen the black of the clothing and hair, and a reddish lighter neutral defines the browns in garments and faces as well as details, such as the roast fowl and rolls on the table. Red flashed and abraded glass is used in the central shield, green enamel for the shield farthest to the right, light blue for two of the shields bearing pretzels, and a very different flat purple enamel for the shield with a T square and millwheel. The dominant colors are black for the costumes and deep golden silver stain; the thick application of paint on the clothing contrasts sharply with silver stain highlights for belts and sleeves and the dominant yellows of the musicians' garb. The adroit application of wash over the yellow in the stools enhances the three-dimensionality of the panels.

State of Preservations and Restorations

The panel has been cut off on both sides and the architectural frame around the main scene is missing. There has been rearrangement and replacement of the arms which do not correspond to the number of inscriptions or guild members present. A second row of arms, to correspond with the twelve guild members depicted (which would have appeared above the scene or below the first row), is missing. The face of the central guildmaster standing in the back row has been intentionally scratched and is retouched.

History

Research

As in other civic society panels of this period, the members are recognized primarily by their inscribed names and arms, which usually surround the main scene and correspond in number to the figures assembled. Attempts at portraiture are rare, even when the arms seem to be individually placed. For example, see the panel of 1554 of a tailor's guild in Basel in which the arms follow the curvature of the table above the head of each seated figure (Basel, Historisches Museum, 1870.1284; BS_35; Ganz, 1966, p. 19, pl. 2). The original disposition of the Los Angeles panel, which has been cut down on all sides, can be tentatively reconstructed by comparison. In both comparanda, a woman coming in from the right carries a platter with a roasted fowl. On the left, a male servant pours drink for one of the men, who twists in his chair to extend his goblet. The compositional frame around the figurative event consists of architectural motifs supporting a top miniature episode, which demonstrates the actual tasks of a particular guild or presents an allegory of its work ethic. This format, with the arms and their inscriptions set below, retained its popularity in the early seventeenth century and was the presumed original format of this panel.

The panel can also be compared with the depiction of the Municipality of Stammheim in 1635 by the Zurich painter Hans Jakob Nüscheler II (Gemeinde Stammheim; Boesch, 1955, p. 97, fig. 40) and Hieronymus Vischer's famous Banquet of the Basel Ropemakers Guild, 1615 (Basel, Historisches Museum 1901.42; BS_226; Dürst, 1971, p. 127, no. 59; Ganz, 1966, p. 110, pl. 13). Fourteen individuals sit at the table with their shields and names arranged on the lowest tier. In all these panels, the banquet hall is characterized by rows of bulls' eye windows which are regularly interrupted at the top by a small rectangular area in which colorful gift panels would have been inserted.

In the Los Angeles panel, bread rolls and tall goblets fill the surface of the table which characteristically dominates the room, allowing just enough space for the musicians, playing flute and drum, to stand in their customary place in the right foreground. Above all, the most distinguishing trait of these scenes is the variety of animated gestures and mannerisms enacted by the dining gentlemen. It is not possible to be certain when the portrait of the guild master was defaced, but it is tempting to believe that the perpetrator actually acted with animus towards the individual or his descendants. It is too localized an action to suggest random vandalism. Keeping with the traditional banquet format, which places the musicians to one side, servants and hosts are shown serving food and drink from opposite corners of the room. Their presence is included in such a way that does not interrupt, but rather accentuates the group's wellbeing and conviviality. There is not enough evidence to conclusively identify the type of guild represented, even though pretzels and brewer's implements on the remaining arms imply that it is likely a millers' or brewers' guild.

Cited in:
Hayward, 1989, p. 70.
Raguin, 2024, vol. 1, pp. 203–206.

Dating
1618
Commissioner

Guild, millers or bakers

Previous Location
Previous Owner

The location of the panel before the collection of William Randolph Hearst is unknown. Hearst donated the panel to the museum in 1943; it was accessioned in 1945.

Bibliography and Sources

Literature

Boesch, P. (1955). Die Schweizer Glasmalerei. Basel : Birkhäuser Verlag.

Dürst, H. (1971). Vitraux anciens en Suisse /Alte Glasmalerei der Schweiz, Einsiedeln, 1971.

Ganz, P. (1966). Die basler Glasmaler der Spatrenaissance und der Barockzeit, Basel/Stuttgart, 1966.

Hayward, J. (1989). Stained Glass before 1700 in American Collections: Midwestern and Western States. Corpus Vitrearum Checklist III, ed. and intro. Madeline H. Caviness and Jane Hayward (Studies in the History of Art, 28), Washington, 1989.

Raguin, V. (2024). Stained Glass before 1700 in the Los Angeles County Museum of Art and the J. Paul Getty Museum, (Corpus Vitrearum United States IX). 2 vols. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols.

Unpublished sources: Hearst Inventory 1943, no. 253; Hayward Report 1978; Sibyll Kummer-Rothenhäusler, notes, CV USA, suggesting Eastern Switzerand; Jane Hayward notes, CV USA; Susan Atherly, first draft of the entry, CV USA; Rolf Hasler and Uta Bergmann, CV Switzerland, 2016-2020, consultation and research for author.

Image Information

Name of Image
USA_LosAngeles_LACMA_US_16
Credits
Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles CA, www.lacma.org
Link to the original photo
Copyright
Public Domain

Citation suggestion

Raguin, V., C. (2024). Banquet Scene of a Guild of Bakers or Millers. In Vitrosearch. Retrieved June 4, 2025 from https://test.vitrosearch.ch/objects/2721045.

Record Information

Reference Number
US_16